80/100B138.490
USD
-4.30
(-3.01%)
Market Open
Last updated: · Delayed 15 min
Fair value114.80Plus+21%63Price 138.49158
Q1 FY2027 · Earnings report
EPS estimate 1.15Revenue estimate 6.51B
Q1 FY2027 · Earnings report
EPS estimate 1.15Revenue estimate 6.51B
Johnson Controls International P/E ratioWhat is the P/E ratio? The P/E ratio divides a share's price by its earnings per share over the last year: what you pay for each dollar of profit.
Johnson Controls International's P/E ratio is 29.53: its share price of 138.49 over its earnings per share of 4.69 over the last twelve months.
- Today
- 29.53
- Forward P/E, next 12 months
- 21.51
- PEG ratio
- 1.74
- Median, 5 years
- 28.67
- Low, 5 years
- 16.04
- High, 5 years
- 43.99
P/E ratio = price ÷ EPS (last 12 months) = 138.49 ÷ 4.69 = 29.53
Each day's closing price over the earnings per share of the last four quarters reported by that day (basic EPS, adjusted for splits). The P/E moves with the price every day and with the earnings at each report.
The forward P/E divides the price by the analysts' average EPS estimate for the next twelve months: the fiscal year in progress for the months left in it, the next one for the rest. For past days it uses each year's latest estimate, as the estimates of the time were not recorded (we keep a daily copy from November 2026), so the past line reads the price against the earnings expected by the time each year was reported.
Is Johnson Controls International's P/E high compared with its own history?Is the P/E high or low for this stock? Today's P/E against every daily P/E of the stock's last 5 years, with the growth analysts expect: whether the stock is expensive or cheap compared with itself, and whether its growth explains it.
Johnson Controls International's P/E of 29.5 is around the middle of its 5-year range (16.0 to 44.0, median 28.7). It is in line with its own history.
Is the price fair? See the whole check
A P/E is compared with the stock's own last five years, not with other companies. Why the market pays more or less (news, rates, the sector) is not in these figures.
P/E ratio by year and by quarter
| Fiscal year | Period ending | P/E ratio | Forward P/E | Market cap | Net income |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FY2028 · Estimate | 30 Sept 2028 | 18.63 | — | — | — |
| FY2027 · Estimate | 30 Sept 2027 | 21.97 | — | — | — |
| Today | 29.53 | 21.51 | 83.89B | 2.89B | |
| FY2026 | 30 Sept 2026 | 31.32 | 23.59 | 90.53B | 2.89B |
| FY2025 | 30 Sept 2025 | 41.64 | 21.62 | 71.67B | 1.72B |
| FY2024 | 30 Sept 2024 | 37.06 | 20.89 | 52.29B | 1.41B |
| FY2023 | 30 Sept 2023 | 22.85 | 15.89 | 36.13B | 1.58B |
| FY2022 | 30 Sept 2022 | 25.83 | 13.92 | 33.42B | 1.29B |
| FY2021 | 30 Sept 2021 | 26.48 | 22.71 | 46.23B | 1.75B |
| FY2020 | 30 Sept 2020 | 38.59 | 15.39 | 30.68B | 795.00M |
| FY2019 | 30 Sept 2019 | 29.63 | 19.87 | 38.19B | 1.29B |
| FY2018 | 30 Sept 2018 | 17.71 | 17.95 | 23.89B | 1.35B |
| FY2017 | 30 Sept 2017 | 33.00 | 14.33 | 27.36B | 829.00M |
| FY2016 | 30 Sept 2016 | — | 14.81 | 28.27B | -652.00M |
| FY2015 | 30 Sept 2015 | 12.68 | 8.04 | 21.29B | 1.68B |
| FY2014 | 30 Sept 2014 | 21.12 | 10.71 | 28.36B | 1.34B |
| FY2013 | 30 Sept 2013 | 17.16 | 15.34 | 22.26B | 1.30B |
| FY2012 | 30 Sept 2012 | 13.84 | 26.56 | 18.14B | 1.31B |
| FY2011 | 30 Sept 2011 | 8.31 | 14.95 | 12.73B | 1.53B |
| FY2010 | 30 Sept 2010 | 8.30 | 11.24 | 11.48B | 1.38B |
| FY2009 | 30 Sept 2009 | — | 12.97 | 10.77B | -350.00M |
| FY2008 | 30 Sept 2008 | — | 18.99 | 10.94B | 0.00 |
| FY2007 | 30 Sept 2007 | 427.98 | 19.24 | 14.12B | 33.00M |
| FY2006 | 30 Sept 2006 | — | 11.70 | 13.65B | 0.00 |
| FY2005 | 30 Sept 2005 | 17.93 | 5.29 | 13.58B | 757.20M |
| FY2004 | 30 Sept 2004 | 19.50 | 5.75 | 14.95B | 766.80M |
| FY2003 | 30 Sept 2003 | — | 4.43 | 9.96B | 0.00 |
| FY2002 | 30 Sept 2002 | — | 3.53 | 6.88B | 0.00 |
| FY2001 | 30 Sept 2001 | 46.24 | 8.71 | 22.12B | 478.30M |
| FY2000 | 30 Sept 2000 | 53.54 | 6.20 | 25.29B | 472.40M |
| FY1999 | 30 Sept 1999 | 59.99 | 7.55 | 25.17B | 419.60M |
| FY1998 | 30 Sept 1998 | 39.89 | 5.89 | 13.47B | 337.70M |
| FY1997 | 30 Sept 1997 | 34.67 | 6.85 | 10.00B | 288.50M |
| FY1996 | 30 Sept 1996 | 22.39 | 5.20 | 5.26B | 234.70M |
| FY1995 | 30 Sept 1995 | 19.63 | — | 3.84B | 195.80M |
| FY1994 | 30 Sept 1994 | 17.51 | — | 2.89B | 165.20M |
| FY1993 | 30 Sept 1993 | 19.10 | — | 2.63B | 137.90M |
| FY1992 | 30 Sept 1992 | 17.17 | — | 2.11B | 123.00M |
| FY1991 | 30 Sept 1991 | 24.85 | — | 2.36B | 95.10M |
| FY1990 | 30 Sept 1990 | 33.29 | — | 3.08B | 92.40M |
| FY1989 | 30 Sept 1989 | 29.81 | — | 2.91B | 97.50M |
| FY1988 | 30 Sept 1988 | 20.93 | — | 2.17B | 103.50M |
| FY1987 | 30 Sept 1987 | 18.11 | — | 1.62B | 89.60M |
| FY1986 | 30 Sept 1986 | 11.19 | — | 1.07B | 95.90M |
| FY1985 | 30 Sept 1985 | 7.20 | — | 563.81M | 78.30M |
| Quarter | Period ending | P/E ratio | Forward P/E | Market cap | Net income |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q4 FY2026 | 30 Sept 2026 | 31.36 | 23.59 | 90.53B | 2.89B |
| Q3 FY2026 | 30 Jun 2026 | 40.60 | 24.36 | 88.68B | 2.18B |
| Q2 FY2026 | 31 Mar 2026 | 38.71 | 23.01 | 79.48B | 2.05B |
| Q1 FY2026 | 31 Dec 2025 | 39.43 | 22.21 | 75.54B | 1.92B |
| Q4 FY2025 | 30 Sept 2025 | 40.30 | 21.62 | 69.36B | 1.72B |
| Q3 FY2025 | 30 Jun 2025 | 42.13 | 22.28 | 69.22B | 1.64B |
| Q2 FY2025 | 31 Mar 2025 | 28.15 | 18.21 | 52.80B | 1.88B |
| Q1 FY2025 | 31 Dec 2024 | 49.11 | 19.44 | 53.18B | 1.08B |
| Q4 FY2024 | 30 Sept 2024 | 48.62 | 20.89 | 51.63B | 1.06B |
| Q3 FY2024 | 30 Jun 2024 | 30.60 | 18.35 | 44.49B | 1.45B |
| Q2 FY2024 | 31 Mar 2024 | 25.64 | 18.52 | 44.22B | 1.73B |
| Q1 FY2024 | 31 Dec 2023 | 17.65 | 16.77 | 39.14B | 2.22B |
| Q4 FY2023 | 30 Sept 2023 | 17.77 | 15.89 | 36.13B | 2.03B |
| Q3 FY2023 | 30 Jun 2023 | 20.46 | 20.06 | 46.27B | 2.26B |
| Q2 FY2023 | 31 Mar 2023 | 26.25 | 17.49 | 41.53B | 1.58B |
| Q1 FY2023 | 31 Dec 2022 | 29.76 | 18.34 | 43.46B | 1.46B |
| Q4 FY2022 | 30 Sept 2022 | 19.40 | 13.92 | 33.42B | 1.72B |
| Q3 FY2022 | 30 Jun 2022 | 26.43 | 14.06 | 32.51B | 1.23B |
| Q2 FY2022 | 31 Mar 2022 | 30.75 | 20.07 | 44.52B | 1.45B |
| Q1 FY2022 | 31 Dec 2021 | 30.79 | 25.95 | 55.21B | 1.79B |
| Q4 FY2021 | 30 Sept 2021 | 26.48 | 22.71 | 46.23B | 1.75B |
| Q3 FY2021 | 30 Jun 2021 | 24.27 | 23.59 | 46.60B | 1.92B |
| Q2 FY2021 | 31 Mar 2021 | 35.63 | 21.13 | 40.52B | 1.14B |
| Q1 FY2021 | 31 Dec 2020 | 32.41 | 17.01 | 31.63B | 976.00M |
| Q4 FY2020 | 30 Sept 2020 | 39.36 | 15.39 | 30.03B | 763.00M |
| Q3 FY2020 | 30 Jun 2020 | 25.01 | 13.43 | 23.18B | 927.00M |
| Q2 FY2020 | 31 Mar 2020 | 15.97 | 11.09 | 20.35B | 1.27B |
| Q1 FY2020 | 31 Dec 2019 | 23.89 | 17.54 | 31.34B | 1.31B |
| Q4 FY2019 | 30 Sept 2019 | 26.72 | 19.87 | 34.44B | 1.29B |
| Q3 FY2019 | 30 Jun 2019 | 24.99 | 19.29 | 36.48B | 1.46B |
| Q2 FY2019 | 31 Mar 2019 | 18.71 | 17.79 | 33.32B | 1.78B |
| Q1 FY2019 | 31 Dec 2018 | 15.84 | 14.73 | 27.33B | 1.73B |
| Q4 FY2018 | 30 Sept 2018 | 15.49 | 17.95 | 23.89B | 1.54B |
| Q3 FY2018 | 30 Jun 2018 | 13.82 | 15.44 | 22.71B | 1.64B |
| Q2 FY2018 | 31 Mar 2018 | 13.86 | 14.77 | 23.93B | 1.73B |
| Q1 FY2018 | 31 Dec 2017 | 18.56 | 14.67 | 25.88B | 1.39B |
| Q4 FY2017 | 30 Sept 2017 | 15.04 | 14.33 | 27.36B | 1.82B |
| Q3 FY2017 | 30 Jun 2017 | — | 14.81 | 29.44B | -240.00M |
| Q2 FY2017 | 31 Mar 2017 | — | 14.81 | 28.60B | -410.00M |
| Q1 FY2017 | 31 Dec 2016 | — | 14.81 | 27.97B | -764.00M |
| Q4 FY2016 | 30 Sept 2016 | — | 14.81 | 28.27B | -652.00M |
| Q3 FY2016 | 24 Jun 2016 | 31.17 | 12.18 | 26.47B | 849.00M |
| Q2 FY2016 | 25 Mar 2016 | 38.37 | 9.80 | 22.91B | 597.00M |
| Q1 FY2016 | 25 Dec 2015 | 12.58 | 8.18 | 20.42B | 1.62B |
| Q4 FY2015 | 30 Sept 2015 | 12.68 | 8.04 | 21.29B | 1.68B |
| Q3 FY2015 | 26 Jun 2015 | 15.13 | 10.71 | 25.06B | 1.66B |
| Q2 FY2015 | 27 Mar 2015 | 16.52 | 10.71 | 27.23B | 1.65B |
| Q1 FY2015 | 26 Dec 2014 | 20.41 | 10.71 | 28.25B | 1.38B |
| Q4 FY2014 | 30 Sept 2014 | 21.17 | 10.71 | 28.36B | 1.34B |
| Q3 FY2014 | 27 Jun 2014 | 25.44 | 12.36 | 28.88B | 1.14B |
| Q2 FY2014 | 28 Mar 2014 | 17.64 | 13.06 | 26.60B | 1.51B |
| Q1 FY2014 | 27 Dec 2013 | 18.62 | 15.08 | 26.22B | 1.41B |
| Q4 FY2013 | 30 Sept 2013 | 17.19 | 15.34 | 22.26B | 1.30B |
| Q3 FY2013 | 28 Jun 2013 | 17.21 | 14.77 | 20.97B | 1.22B |
| Q2 FY2013 | 29 Mar 2013 | 18.48 | 14.66 | 20.36B | 1.10B |
| Q1 FY2013 | 28 Dec 2012 | 13.71 | 13.38 | 18.18B | 1.33B |
| Q4 FY2012 | 30 Sept 2012 | 12.99 | 26.56 | 18.14B | 1.40B |
| Q3 FY2012 | 29 Jun 2012 | 8.67 | 23.27 | 16.51B | 1.91B |
| Q2 FY2012 | 30 Mar 2012 | 9.60 | 23.18 | 17.55B | 1.83B |
| Q1 FY2012 | 30 Dec 2011 | 8.12 | 18.13 | 14.59B | 1.80B |
| Q4 FY2011 | 30 Sept 2011 | 7.31 | 14.95 | 12.73B | 1.74B |
| Q3 FY2011 | 24 Jun 2011 | 8.85 | 16.23 | 14.56B | 1.65B |
| Q2 FY2011 | 25 Mar 2011 | 8.28 | 14.89 | 13.99B | 1.69B |
| Q1 FY2011 | 24 Dec 2010 | 8.09 | 13.19 | 12.96B | 1.60B |
| Q4 FY2010 | 30 Sept 2010 | 7.33 | 11.24 | 11.48B | 1.57B |
| Q3 FY2010 | 25 Jun 2010 | — | 11.94 | 11.59B | — |
| Q2 FY2010 | 26 Mar 2010 | — | 12.47 | 11.52B | — |
| Q1 FY2010 | 25 Dec 2009 | — | 12.70 | 11.11B | — |
| Q4 FY2009 | 30 Sept 2009 | — | 12.97 | 10.77B | — |
| Q3 FY2009 | 26 Jun 2009 | — | 10.87 | 8.30B | — |
| Q2 FY2009 | 27 Mar 2009 | — | 8.88 | 6.22B | — |
| Q1 FY2009 | 26 Dec 2008 | — | 10.25 | 6.53B | — |
| Q4 FY2008 | 30 Sept 2008 | — | 18.99 | 10.94B | — |
| Q3 FY2008 | 27 Jun 2008 | 59.62 | 20.43 | 12.52B | 210.00M |
| Q2 FY2008 | 28 Mar 2008 | 83.39 | 21.49 | 13.93B | 167.00M |
| Q1 FY2008 | 28 Dec 2007 | 118.18 | 18.33 | 12.53B | 106.00M |
| Q4 FY2007 | 30 Sept 2007 | 427.98 | 19.24 | 14.12B | 33.00M |
| Q3 FY2007 | 29 Jun 2007 | — | 19.83 | 16.48B | — |
| Q2 FY2007 | 30 Mar 2007 | — | 16.33 | 15.39B | — |
| Q1 FY2007 | 29 Dec 2006 | — | 14.07 | 14.82B | — |
| Q4 FY2006 | 30 Sept 2006 | — | 11.70 | 13.65B | — |
| Q3 FY2006 | 30 Jun 2006 | 16.77 | 8.84 | 13.41B | 799.60M |
| Q2 FY2006 | 31 Mar 2006 | 18.29 | 7.02 | 13.10B | 716.60M |
| Q1 FY2006 | 30 Dec 2005 | 18.37 | 6.34 | 14.08B | 766.40M |
| Q4 FY2005 | 30 Sept 2005 | 17.93 | 5.29 | 13.58B | 757.60M |
| Q3 FY2005 | 1 Jul 2005 | — | 5.51 | 14.20B | — |
| Q2 FY2005 | 1 Apr 2005 | — | 6.31 | 16.31B | — |
| Q1 FY2005 | 31 Dec 2004 | — | 6.72 | 17.43B | — |
| Q4 FY2004 | 30 Sept 2004 | — | 5.75 | 14.95B | — |
| Q3 FY2004 | 30 Jun 2004 | — | 6.43 | 16.16B | — |
| Q2 FY2004 | 31 Mar 2004 | — | 5.76 | 13.97B | — |
| Q1 FY2004 | 31 Dec 2003 | — | 5.53 | 12.92B | — |
| Q4 FY2003 | 30 Sept 2003 | — | 4.43 | 9.96B | — |
| Q3 FY2003 | 30 Jun 2003 | — | 4.26 | 9.25B | — |
| Q2 FY2003 | 31 Mar 2003 | — | 2.99 | 6.27B | — |
| Q1 FY2003 | 31 Dec 2002 | — | 4.11 | 8.33B | — |
| Q4 FY2002 | 30 Sept 2002 | — | 3.53 | 6.88B | — |
| Q3 FY2002 | 30 Jun 2002 | 11.83 | 3.13 | 6.70B | 566.30M |
| Q2 FY2002 | 31 Mar 2002 | 29.31 | 7.00 | 15.46B | 527.50M |
| Q1 FY2002 | 31 Dec 2001 | 57.94 | 12.02 | 28.72B | 495.70M |
| Q4 FY2001 | 30 Sept 2001 | 46.24 | 8.71 | 22.12B | 478.30M |
| Q3 FY2001 | 30 Jun 2001 | 56.18 | 9.07 | 26.58B | 473.20M |
| Q2 FY2001 | 31 Mar 2001 | 44.85 | 6.36 | 21.08B | 470.10M |
| Q1 FY2001 | 31 Dec 2000 | 56.87 | 7.32 | 27.06B | 475.90M |
| Q4 FY2000 | 30 Sept 2000 | 53.54 | 6.20 | 25.29B | 472.40M |
| Q3 FY2000 | 30 Jun 2000 | 51.14 | 5.94 | 23.10B | 451.70M |
| Q2 FY2000 | 31 Mar 2000 | 56.93 | 6.60 | 24.44B | 429.40M |
| Q1 FY2000 | 31 Dec 1999 | 43.33 | 5.41 | 19.02B | 438.90M |
| Q4 FY1999 | 30 Sept 1999 | 59.99 | 7.55 | 25.17B | 419.60M |
| Q3 FY1999 | 30 Jun 1999 | 54.34 | 7.53 | 23.10B | 425.10M |
| Q2 FY1999 | 31 Mar 1999 | 43.96 | 6.23 | 17.49B | 397.90M |
| Q1 FY1999 | 31 Dec 1998 | 52.24 | 7.21 | 18.39B | 352.10M |
| Q4 FY1998 | 30 Sept 1998 | 39.89 | 5.89 | 13.47B | 337.70M |
| Q3 FY1998 | 30 Jun 1998 | 52.14 | 7.39 | 15.36B | 294.60M |
| Q2 FY1998 | 31 Mar 1998 | 46.70 | 7.11 | 13.32B | 285.10M |
| Q1 FY1998 | 31 Dec 1997 | 36.54 | 6.59 | 10.99B | 300.70M |
| Q4 FY1997 | 30 Sept 1997 | 34.67 | 6.85 | 10.00B | 288.50M |
| Q3 FY1997 | 30 Jun 1997 | 30.55 | 6.30 | 8.48B | 277.60M |
| Q2 FY1997 | 31 Mar 1997 | 24.59 | 5.43 | 6.70B | 272.50M |
| Q1 FY1997 | 31 Dec 1996 | 26.76 | 5.73 | 6.44B | 240.80M |
| Q4 FY1996 | 30 Sept 1996 | 22.39 | 5.20 | 5.26B | 234.70M |
| Q3 FY1996 | 30 Jun 1996 | 22.62 | — | 4.97B | 219.70M |
| Q2 FY1996 | 31 Mar 1996 | 21.19 | — | 4.36B | 205.70M |
| Q1 FY1996 | 31 Dec 1995 | 21.56 | — | 4.35B | 201.60M |
| Q4 FY1995 | 30 Sept 1995 | 19.63 | — | 3.84B | 195.80M |
| Q3 FY1995 | 30 Jun 1995 | 17.82 | — | 3.29B | 184.80M |
| Q2 FY1995 | 31 Mar 1995 | 18.42 | — | 3.23B | 175.10M |
| Q1 FY1995 | 31 Dec 1994 | 17.19 | — | 2.89B | 168.30M |
| Q4 FY1994 | 30 Sept 1994 | 17.51 | — | 2.89B | 165.20M |
| Q3 FY1994 | 30 Jun 1994 | 18.78 | — | 2.80B | 149.00M |
| Q2 FY1994 | 31 Mar 1994 | 20.89 | — | 3.04B | 145.60M |
| Q1 FY1994 | 31 Dec 1993 | 22.23 | — | 3.14B | 141.40M |
| Q4 FY1993 | 30 Sept 1993 | 19.10 | — | 2.63B | 137.90M |
| Q3 FY1993 | 30 Jun 1993 | 18.02 | — | 2.52B | 139.80M |
| Q2 FY1993 | 31 Mar 1993 | 20.57 | — | 2.76B | 134.00M |
| Q1 FY1993 | 31 Dec 1992 | 19.50 | — | 2.52B | 129.20M |
| Q4 FY1992 | 30 Sept 1992 | 17.17 | — | 2.11B | 123.00M |
| Q3 FY1992 | 30 Jun 1992 | 18.39 | — | 2.07B | 112.60M |
| Q2 FY1992 | 31 Mar 1992 | 21.50 | — | 2.27B | 105.50M |
| Q1 FY1992 | 31 Dec 1991 | 21.19 | — | 2.10B | 99.00M |
| Q4 FY1991 | 30 Sept 1991 | 24.85 | — | 2.36B | 95.10M |
| Q3 FY1991 | 30 Jun 1991 | 31.61 | — | 2.93B | 92.80M |
| Q2 FY1991 | 31 Mar 1991 | 31.74 | — | 2.87B | 90.50M |
| Q1 FY1991 | 31 Dec 1990 | 29.58 | — | 2.62B | 88.60M |
| Q4 FY1990 | 30 Sept 1990 | 33.29 | — | 3.08B | 92.40M |
| Q3 FY1990 | 30 Jun 1990 | 39.79 | — | 3.47B | 87.20M |
| Q2 FY1990 | 31 Mar 1990 | 34.56 | — | 2.89B | 83.70M |
| Q1 FY1990 | 31 Dec 1989 | 32.31 | — | 3.07B | 95.00M |
| Q4 FY1989 | 30 Sept 1989 | 29.81 | — | 2.91B | 97.50M |
| Q3 FY1989 | 30 Jun 1989 | 22.63 | — | 2.36B | 104.10M |
| Q2 FY1989 | 31 Mar 1989 | 20.58 | — | 2.16B | 104.90M |
| Q1 FY1989 | 31 Dec 1988 | 20.84 | — | 2.18B | 104.60M |
| Q4 FY1988 | 30 Sept 1988 | 20.93 | — | 2.17B | 103.50M |
| Q3 FY1988 | 30 Jun 1988 | 18.90 | — | 2.08B | 110.30M |
| Q2 FY1988 | 31 Mar 1988 | 15.94 | — | 1.65B | 103.50M |
| Q1 FY1988 | 31 Dec 1987 | 14.34 | — | 1.39B | 96.60M |
| Q4 FY1987 | 30 Sept 1987 | 18.11 | — | 1.62B | 89.60M |
| Q3 FY1987 | 30 Jun 1987 | 14.56 | — | 1.33B | 91.40M |
| Q2 FY1987 | 31 Mar 1987 | 17.09 | — | 1.49B | 87.40M |
| Q1 FY1987 | 31 Dec 1986 | 14.67 | — | 1.24B | 84.70M |
| Q4 FY1986 | 30 Sept 1986 | 11.19 | — | 1.07B | 95.90M |
| Q3 FY1986 | 30 Jun 1986 | 11.67 | — | 1.07B | 91.90M |
| Q2 FY1986 | 31 Mar 1986 | — | — | 991.34M | — |
| Q1 FY1986 | 31 Dec 1985 | — | — | 719.74M | — |
| Q4 FY1985 | 30 Sept 1985 | — | — | 563.81M | — |
Figures in USD. A quarter's revenue, net income and dividends are those of its last four quarters. A forecast year's P/E is today's price over the analysts' EPS estimate for that year.
See also:Market cap,P/S ratio,Dividend yield,ROE (return on equity),Debt to equity,Current ratio,All ratios
Common questions about Johnson Controls International's P/E ratio
Source: Financial Modeling Prep